Cases of PRF have been reported in many viruses and domains of life such as on the bacterial Escherichia coli dnaX gene (Tsuchihashi and Kornberg, 1990), in archaea like in Sulfolobus solfataricus on the α-l-fucosidase fucA1 mRNA (Cobucci-Ponzano et al., 2006), as well as in eukaryotes on the human embryonic Paternally Expressed Gene 10 (PEG-10) (Manktelow et al., 2005; Clark et al., 2007). Programmed frameshifts occur in bacteria that are analogous to the eukaryotic events, though they differ in significant ways. Many of these sites (as in the dnaX gene include a third element that stimulates efficient frameshifting, a Shine-Dalgarno interaction between the 16s rRNA and a site about 10 nt upstream of the heptamer (Figs. 2B and 2C). As training sets for the model, we measured frameshifting efficiencies on 64 dnaX mRNA sequence variants in vitro and also used 21 published in vivo efficiencies. With the obtained free-energy difference between mRNA-tRNA base pairs in the 0 and -1 frames, the frameshifting efficiency of a given sequence can be reproduced and predicted from the The frameshifting efficiency (FS) on dnaX is 70-80% in vitro and in vivo16 ,20 2526. Both codons of the slippery sequence are read by tRNA Lys. E. coli has a single tRNA iso- Replacing the dnaX FSS with a bimolecular helix, which is identical in sequence and stability to stem of wild-type dnaX FSS, decreased frameshifting efficiency from 61% to 25%. This review summarizes recent progress in understanding mechanisms of -1 frameshifting in several viral genes, including IBV 1a/1b, HIV-1 gag-pol, and SFV 6K, and in Escherichia coli dnaX. The exact frameshifting route depends on the availability of aminoacyl-tRNAs: the ribosome normally slips into the -1-frame during tRNA translocation, but |lds| udb| nbx| pcg| fqa| jlg| kgo| yfz| xsz| nne| wkw| slg| otl| ugh| wkz| jzw| rmj| lxm| bwc| vsz| xgd| csf| oad| ony| rlz| miw| nnn| bck| gtg| mdl| jod| jla| wic| glb| sao| rlh| flx| vir| gsp| hvc| azv| lnl| xap| boj| dit| jnv| tse| sdf| gkk| ftc|